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| Activation of the carbothermic reduction of manganese ore |
The effect of extended milling on the carbothermic reduction of a manganese ore has been examined using a combination of thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermodynamic modelling indicated that reduction of MnO2 to MnO was possible at 25 ˇăC, although no reaction was found to occur during milling of the ore with graphite for up to 10 h. For a physical mixture, cryptomelane, KMn8O16, reduced at 500 ˇăC and braunite, Mn7SiO12, at 700 ˇăC after 10 h milling these temperatures were reduced by 200 ˇăC. The initial product was Mn3O4, although in the 10-h-milled powder, the reduction of braunite may have been directly to MnO. Reduction at 600 ˇăC only formed Mn3O4 in the unmilled powder but the major product in the 10-h-milled powder was MnO. The increased extent of reaction after premilling may allow current processing plants to expand their throughput without increasing the size of reduction kiln.
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